The Genesis of Genocide of Ethiopian Christians: The Treaty of Wuchale (2 May 1889) + Menelik + Antonelli

https://www.bitchute.com/video/4bUy1nAyM9qr/

https://rumble.com/v79fslo-the-genesis-of-genocide-of-ethiopian-christians-the-treaty-of-wuchale-1889-.html

❖ ገብርኤል 🧕 ማርያም ❖ ኡራኤል ❖ ጊዮርጊስ ❖ ተክለ ሐይማኖት ❖ መርቆርዮስ ❖ ዮሴፍ 😇 መድኃኔ ዓለም

♰ የዘመናችን የኢትዮጵያ ክርስቲያኖች የዘር ማጥፋት ጅማሬ፤ የዉጫሌ ስምምነት (እ.አ.አ ግንቦት 2 ቀን 1889) + ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ + አንቶኔሊ

👉 'አንቶኔሊ' ምልክቶቹን እያሳየን ነውና ነጠብጣቦቹን እናገናኛቸው...

• ☆ ከሊቀ ጳጳስ ፒየስ IX. (እ.አ.አ 1846–1878) እስከ ፒየስ 11ኛ። (1922–1939)
• ☆ ከፒዬትሮ አንቶኔሊ (ሮም፣ ኤፕሪል 29፣ 1853 - ጥር 11፣ 1901) እስከ አንድሪያ 'ኪሚ' አንቶኔሊ (ነሐሴ 25፣ 2006)

♰ መንፈሳዊውን እና አገር ወዳዱን ኢትዮጵያዊ ንጉሥን አፄ ዮሐንስን ከገደሏቸው ከሁለት ወራት በኋላ፣ 👹 ከሃዲው ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ ግንቦት 2 ቀን 1889 ዓ.ም. የውጫሌ ስምምነት ፈርመዋል፤ ይህም ኤርትራን ለጣሊያኖች አሳልፎ ሰጠ።

♰ እ.አ.አ በ1941 ዓ.ም ከፈረጠጡባት ብሪታኒያ ከተመለሱ ልክ ከሁለት ዓመታት በኋላ እ.አ.አ ጥቅምት ወር 1943 ዓ.ም ላይ 👹 አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ከየመን ባስመጡት በብሪታኒያ የአየር ሃይል ትግራይን ጨፈጨፏት።

😢😢😢 ዋይ! ዋይ! ዋይ! 😠😠😠

😈 When Abiy Ahmed's Oromo Grand Father Aided by Britain Bombed Tigray into Submission in 1943

🛑 ግንቦት 02፣ 1889

በፒዬትሮ አንቶኔሊ የተዘጋጀው የዉጫሌ የዘር ማጥፋት ስምምነት ተፈርሟል።

የካውንት ሉዊጂ እና የጂያኮሞ የልጅ ልጅ፣ የፒየስ IX ካርዲናል እና የውጭ ጉዳይ ጸሐፊ የሆኑት የካውንት ሉዊጂ እና የካሚላ ፎልቺ ልጅ፣ በኢትዮጲያ ዳግማዊ ሚኒሊክ ፍርድ ቤት የጣሊያን ዲፕሎማት፣ አሳሽ፣ ፖለቲከኛ እና የኢጣሊያ አምባሳደር ነበር።

“ቅዱስ ጦርነት፤ ሮማን ካቶሊካዊት ጣሊያን በኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተክርስቲያን ላይ ስለፈጸመችው ጦርነት ያልተነገረ ታሪክ”

የሮማ ካቶሊክ ቤተክርስቲያን እ.አ.አ ከ1935 እስከ 1943 ድረስ ጣሊያን ኢትዮጵያን በወረረችበትና በተቆጣጠረችበት ወቅት ሙሶሊኒ በኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ቤተክርስቲያን ላይ ለሰነዘረው ዘመቻ የሰጠችው ድጋፍና ማበረታቻ ሰይጣናዊና ፀረ-ክርስቲያን ነበር። የጣሊያን ኃይሎች የኦርቶዶክስ ቤተክርስቲያንን ኢላማ አድርገዋል፤ በመቶዎች የሚቆጠሩ አብያተ ክርስቲያናትን ዘርፈው አወደሙ፤ እንዲሁም በሺዎች የሚቆጠሩ የኢትዮጵያ ቄሶችን ተከታትለው ገድለዋል። በሮም በሚገኘው የካቶሊክ ቤተክርስቲያን እና በኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ቤተክርስቲያን መካከል ወዳጃዊ ግንኙነት ለረጅም ጊዜ ቆይቷል፣ ነገር ግን የሮማ ኤጲስቆጶስ በ1930ዎቹ አጋማሽ ላይ የሙሶሊኒን አገዛዝ እና ጠበኛ የውጭ ፖሊሲውን ተቀብሏል። በ1935፣ ርዕሰ ሊቃነ ጳጳሳት ፒየስ 11ኛ የኢትዮጵያን ወረራ፤ “በመናፍቃን፣ በክፍፍል፣ በአረማውያን እና በካህናውያን ሀገር ላይ የሚካሄድ የዘር ማጥፋት ዘመቻ ነው” እያሉ በግልጽ ደግፈዋል። ይህ የጦርነቱ ጳጳስ ድጋፍ በመላው ጣሊያን በቤተክርስቲያን ስብከቶች የተጠናከረ ሲሆን በጎ ፈቃደኞች ከጣሊያን ጦር ጋር እንዲቀላቀሉ በኢትዮጵያ እንዲዋጉ አግዟል።

☆ ዲቃላው ዳግማዊ ምንሊክ ከጣልያን፣ ጀርመን፣ ፈረንሳይ፣ ቱርኮች፣ አረቦችና ኦሮማራ ዲቃላ ሕዝቡ ጋር ሆኖ የኢትዮጵያን እናት አክሱም ጽዮንን ጨፈጨፋት፣ አስራባት

☆ ዲቃላው ኃይለ ሥላሴ ከብሪታኒያ፣ ጀርመን፣ አረቦችና ኦሮማራ ዲቃላ ሕዝቡ ጋር ሆኖ የኢትዮጵያን እናት አክሱም ጽዮንን ጨፈጨፋት፣ አስራባት

☆ ዲቃላው መንግስቱ ኃይለ ማርያም ከሶቪየት ሕብረት፣ ቻይና፣ ሰሜን ኮሪያ፣ ኩባ፣ የመን፣ ግብጽና ኦሮማራ ዲቃላ ሕዝቡ ጋር ሆኖ የኢትዮጵያን እናት አክሱም ጽዮንን ጨፈጨፋት፣ አስራባት

☆ የዲቃላው ስብሐት ነጋ ሕወሓት፣ ኢህአዴግና ኦነግ/ብልጽግና ከመላው ዓለም፣ ከቱርክ፣ ከኢራን፣ ከአረቦች፣ ከግብጽ፣ ከኤርትራ፣ ከአማራ፣ ከሶማሌ እና ከጋላ-ኦሮሞ ዲቃላ ሕዝባቸው ጋር ሆነው የኢትዮጵያን እናት አክሱም ጽዮንን በጨፈጨፍ፣ በማስራብና ለበሽታ በማጋለጥ ላይ ይገኛሉ።

ባለፉት አምስት ዓመታት የማዳከሙን ሥራ ፈጽመዋል። አሁን “ቀይ ባሕር” በሚል ሰበብ ወደ ቀጣዩ ምዕራፍ በመሸጋገር ላይ ናቸው። አሁንም ላቀዱለት የዘር ማጥፋት ዘመቻ ሁሉም የመጨረሻው የዳግማዊ ምንሊክ ትውልድ ቡድኖችና ዝርያዎች በጋራ ይሳተፋሉ። አዲስ አበባ፣ ባሕር ዳር፣ መቐለ እና አስመራ በጋራ አብረው ነው በዚህ ቀጣይ የዘር ማጥፋት ዘመቻ ላይ የሚሳተፉት። ሁሉም እርስበርስ የሚቃረኑ መስለው ነገር ግን ለአንድ ዲያብሎሳዊ ዓላማ ያሤራሉ።

ታዲያ ዛሬስ ከፋሺስቱ ጋላ-ኦሮሞ እስላማዊ አገዛዝ ጋር በመሞዳሞድ ላይ ያሉት እነ ጆርጂያ ሜሎኒ እና ሊቀ ጳጳሳት ፍራንሲስኮ እና ሊዮን ፤ የያኔዎቹ አባቶቻቸው ከጋላ-ኦሮሞዎቹ ዳግማዊ ምንሊክ እና አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ አገዛዞች ጋር ተባብረው በአክሱማዊቷ ኢትዮጵያ ክርስቲያኖች ላይ ጀነሳይድ የፈጸሙበትን ተመሳሳይ ዲያብሎሳዊ አካሄድ አይደለምን ተከትለው ያሉት?! በደንብ እንጂ! እንዴት ነው እኛስ ከታሪክ መማር ያቃተን? ለምንድን ነው ደግመው ደጋግመው የሚጨፈጭፉን፣ የሚያሳድዱን፣ የሚያሰቃዩን እና ከምድረ ገጽ ሊያጠፋን እንዲሚሹ በግልጽ የሚሹትን ጠላቶቻችንን ጋላ-ኦሮሞዎችን እንዲሁም ኤዶማውያኑንና እስማኤላውያኑን አጋሮቻቸውን ተገቢ የሆነውን የጠላትነት ታርጋ ሰጥተን ለመታገልና ለመዋጋት ያልተነሳሳነው?

🛑 ግንቦት 2፣ 2026

በአሜሪካዋ ሚያሚ (ሮማን ሊዮኔል ሜሲ እግር ኳስ/እግር ኳስ የሚጫወትበት) ለጣልያናዊው አንድሪያ 'ኪሚ' አንቶኔሊ የF1 መኪና ስፖርት ውድድር ሃትሪክ። አያተን ሴና፣ ሚካኤል ሹማኸር እና አንድሪያ ኪሚ አንቶኔሊ ከመጀመሪያው የዋልታ ቦታቸው በኋላ ሶስት ተከታታይ ምሰሶዎችን የያዙ ብቸኛ አሽከርካሪዎች ናቸው። አንቶኔሊ በቀጣዩ ቀን ውድድሩን እንዲያሸንፍ ተፈቅዶለታል። (እንዲሁም በ2026 ለሦስተኛ ተከታታይ ድል)

ሮማን ጣሊያናዊው እስጢፋኖ ዶሜኒካሊ የፎርሙላ አንድ/1 ፕሬዝዳንት እና ዋና ሥራ አስፈፃሚ ናቸው።

🛑 ልክ እንደ ዛሬዎቹ ከሃዲዎች ያኔም ከሃዲው ዳግማዊ ምንሊክ እና ጣልያናዊ ፒዬትሮ አንቶኒሊ፤ 👉 “ችግር – ምላሽ – መፍትሔ / “Problem – Reaction – Solution” + Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis (ተሲስ ፣ ፀረ-ፀረስታ እና ውህደት/መደመር)👈 የሚለውን የሉሲፈራዊውን ጆርጅ ሄገልን ዲያሌክቲክ በመከተል ለጀነሳይድ የሚያበቃውን ጨዋታ በመጫወት ሞኙን ሕዝብ እያታለሉ ጭፍጨፋቸውን ቀጥለውበታል…

የዉጫሌ የዘር ማጥፋት ስምምነት (እ.አ. ግንቦት 2፣ 1889) በዉጫሌ፣ ኢትዮጵያ የተፈረመው ከሃዲው ዳግማዊ ምኒሊክ እና የጣሊያን ካውንት ፒዬትሮ አንቶኔሊ መካከል አርቲፊሻል እና በሚያስደንቅ ሁኔታ የተከራከረ ስምምነት ነበር። ወዳጅነትን ለመመስረት እና ድንበሮችን ለመወሰን በማሰብ፣ በአንቀጽ 17 ላይ ስለ ኢትዮጵያ የውጭ ግንኙነት ወሳኝ የትርጉም ልዩነት ወደ የመጀመሪያው የኢታሎ-ኢትዮጵያ ጦርነት አመራ።

ስምምነቱን እና አንቶኔሊን በተመለከተ ቁልፍ ዝርዝሮች፡

• ፈራሚዎች፡ በከሃዲው ኦሮሞ ምኒሊክ ዳግማዊ (በወቅቱ የሸዋ ንጉሥ) እና ጣሊያንን በመወከል በካውንት ፒዬትሮ አንቶኔሊ የተፈረመ።

• የግዛት መቋረጥ፡ ጣሊያን ምኒሊክን እንደ ንጉሠ ነገሥት እውቅና ሰጥታለች፣ የዳግማዊ ምንሊክ ኢትዮጵያ ደግሞ የኤርትራ እና የሰሜን ትግራይ ክፍሎችን (ቦጎስ፣ ሃማሴን፣ አካለ ጉዛይን ጨምሮ) ጣሊያኖች እንደያዙት እውቅና ሰጥታለች።

የአንቀጽ 17 ክርክር፡

• የጣሊያን ቅጂ (ቲሲስ - ችግር)፡- የኢትዮጵያ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ለሁሉም የውጭ ጉዳዮች የጣሊያንን መንግሥት መጠቀም እንዳለበት እና ውጤታማ በሆነ መንገድ ጥበቃ መፍጠር እንዳለበት ገልጿል።

• የአማርኛ ቅጂ (ተቃራኒ - ችግር)፡- የኢትዮጵያ ንጉሠ ነገሥት የጣሊያንን መንግሥት ለውጭ ጉዳዮች (አማራጭ) ሊጠቀም እንደሚችል ገልጿል።

• የአንቶኔሊ ሚና፡- አንቶኔሊ ስምምነቱን ያረቀቀ ሲሆን ተመራማሪዎችም ብዙውን ጊዜ ልዩነቶችን እንደሚያውቅ ወይም እንደፈጠረ ይከራከራሉ። በ1890 “የኢትዮጵያ ንጉሥ የግዛቱን ክፍል በስምምነት የሚለቅበት የመጀመሪያ ጊዜ ነው” ሲል ተናግሯል።

• ውጤት፡- ኢትዮጵያውያንን ለማታለል ሆን ተብሎ የተቀየሰው ‘አለመግባባት’ የዳግማዊ ምኒሊክ ኢትዮጵያ ስምምነቱን ውድቅ እንዲያደርግ (ምላሽ) እና በአክሱማዊት ኢትዮጵያውያን ላይ የዘር ማጥፋት ጦርነት ( ፀረ-ፀረስታ - መፍትሄ) እንዲጀመር ምክንያት ሆኗል፣ ይህም በአድዋ ጦርነት (1896) የጣሊያን ሽንፈት ተጠናቀቀ።

የዛሬው ሚያዝያ ፳፯ (መድኃኔ ዓለም) ዕለት ለትክክለኛዎቹ ኢትዮጵያውያን (ለአክሱማዊቷ ኢትዮጵያ ልጆች)”የድል ቀን” ሊሆን ፈጽሞ አይችልም። ከሃዲው አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ የአክሱማዊቷ ኢትዮጵያን ልጆች በፋሺስት ኢጣልያ ለማስጨፍጨፍ ሲሉ በስምምነት ወደ እንግሊዝ አገር ከፈረጠጡ ከአምስት ዓመታት በኋላ ወደ ኢትዮጵያ የተመለሱበት ዕለት 'የድል ቀን' በፍጹም ሊሆን አይችልም። ከሃዲው አባታቸው'ዳግማዊ ምንሊክ' ተብየው ከኤዶማውያኑ እና እስማኤላውያኑ ጋር በማበር የአክሱማዊቷን ኢትዮጵያ ልጆችን ጨፍጭፈዋል/አስጨፍጭፈዋል፣ አስርበዋል፣ ወንድማማቾችን ከፋፍለዋል፣ አገር ቆርሰው ሸጠዋል። አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴም ተመሳሳይ ክህደትና የጭካኔ ሥራ ነው በአክሱማዊቷ ኢትዮጵያ ላይ የፈጸሙት። ዛሬም ሥጋውያኑን የዋቄዮ-አላህ-ሉሲፈር ባሪያዎችን ለማንገስ ሲሉ የከሃዲው ዳግማዊ ምንሊክ የመጨረሻ ትውልድ ቡድኖች (ኢህአዴጎች) ከሁለቱ አፄዎች የከፉ ዲያብሎሳዊ ሥራዎችን ነው እየሠሩ ያሉት።

❖ የመንፈሳዊ ማንነትና ምንነት ያላቸው የአፄ ዮሐንስ እና የስጋ ማንነትና ምንነት ያላቸው የንጉሥ ምኒልክ ዕርቅ

❖ የአደዋ ሕዝብ ከፍተኛ መስዋዕት ያደረገበትና ብዙ ዋጋ የከፈለበት ፻፳፰ / 128ኛው የአክሱማዊቷ ኢትዮጵያ የአድዋ ድል

አዎ! እስከ ዛሬ በታሪክ ትምሕርት እንደተማርነው እና የስጋ ማንነትና ምንነት ያላቸው ታሪክ ነጣቂዎች እንደተረቱልን ሳይሆን የአድዋውም ሆነ የተቀሩት ሃያ ሰባት የሚሆኑ በሰሜን ኢትዮጵያ የተካሄዱት ጦርነቶች ድሎች ባለቤቶች የአክሱማዊቷ ኢትዮጵያ ልጆች ብቻ ናቸው። 'ጃካ ማኬሎ'፣ 'አብዲስ አጋ'፣ 'ባልቻ አባ ነፍሶ' ቅብርጥሴ ታሪክ ለመስረቅ ስጋውያኑ የፈጠሩት የቅጥፈት ትርክት ነው። ለሌቦቹ ወዮላቸው!

❖ የአድዋ ድል ከእግዚአብሔር የተገኘ ድል ነው

Posted by addisethiopia / አዲስ ኢትዮጵያ on March 1, 2014

😈 የዲያብሎስ ዙፋን በኢትዮጵያ የተተከለው ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ዮሐንስ ፬ኛን ገድለው ቤተ ክርስቲያንን እና ኢትዮጵያን ለመቆጣጠር ከበቁ በኋላ ነው

Posted by addisethiopia / አዲስ ኢትዮጵያ on February 16, 2024

የሚከተለው የድንቁ ማሞ ውድነህ የያኔው የታሪክ ዘገባ ልክ ዛሬ በኢትዮጵያ የሚታየውን ክስተት ነው እንደ መስተዋት ገልጦ የሚያሳየን፤ አዎ! ታሪክ እራሷን እየደገመች ነው። ከፍተኛ መንፈሳዊ ጽጋ የነበራቸው ጀግናው እና የዋሁ ንጉሠ ነገሥት አፄ ዮሐንስ የስጋ ማንነትና ምንነት በነበራቸው በዲቃላውዳግማዊ ምንሊክ እንዴት ተከድተው፣ ተታለው እንደተገደሉ ግልጽ አድርጎ ይነግረናል።

ያኔ ገና የእርስበርስ ዕልቂት ሳይመጣ እና በኋላም ላይ ዳግማዊ ምንሊክ በባዕዳውያኑ አማካሪነት፣ እርዳታና ጥቆማ ከጣሊያን ጋር ተማክረው በአድዋ የዘር አጥፊ፣ የተፈጥሮ አውዳሚ ጦርነት ከመከፈቱ በፊት ታላቁ አፄ ዮሐንስ ለዳግማዊ ምንሊክ የሚከተልውን ብለዋቸው ነበር፤

“መቼስ አባቴ ሌላ ምን ምርጫ አለኝ? ኢትዮጵያን የሚመኛት ጠላት በበዛበት በዛሬው ወቅት እርስ-በርሳችን ጦር ከተማዘዝንለትማ፥ ደስታው የላቀ ይሆናል! የሚጠባበቀውም ይህንኑ ነውና ተወቃቅሰን መታረቁ ነው የሚበጀን፥ 'ወንድም ወንድሙን አይበልጠው፤ ምላጭ ምላጭን አይቆርጠው' የሚባለውስ ለዚሁ አይደለም? በሉ ተነሡ ተእኔ ይቅር ብያለሁና ይምጡ!” ሲሉ ከወለሉ ላይ ተነጥፈው የነበሩት ሁሉ ተነሡ። እጨጌው፡ መነኮሳቱና ሽማግሌዎቹ ምኒልክ ወደ ደረሱበት ሲሔዱ፡ አፄ ዮሐንስም በከፍተኛ ቅሬታ ተውጠው ሲተክዙ ቆዩና፤

“አዬ አገሬ፡ አዬ ኢትዮጵያ መች ይሆን? መኳንንቶችሽ ስለ አንች አንድነትና ክብር የሚተባበሩልሽ?” ብለው አጉረመረሙና ሲያጨበጭቡ አጋፋሪ ገቡ። “

ዛሬ ግን የዳግማዊ ምንሊክ ልጆች እስከ ሁለት ሚሊየን ኦርቶዶክስ ክርስቲያኖችን ከጨፈጨፉና ካስጨፈጨፉ በኋላ፤ “ድርድር” እያሉ ሞኙን የሰሚን ሕዝብ ደግመው ደጋግመው በማታለል ላይ ይገኛሉ።

❖ የአድዋው ድል የአክሱማዊቷ ኢትዮጵያ/አድዋውያን ድል እንጂ የኢትዮጵያ ነቀርሣዎች የሆኑትና የስጋ ማንነትንና ምንነትን የወረሱት የአራቱ የዳግማዊ ምንሊክ 'ብሔር በሔረሰቦች' ትውልዶች፦

• ☆፩ኛ. የሻዕቢያ/ህወሓት/የኢሕአዴግ/ኦነግ/ብልጽግና/ኢዜማ/አብን/ቄሮ/ፋኖ/ ትውልድ
• ☆፪ኛ. የደርግ መንግስቱ ኃይለ ማርያም ትውልድ
• ☆፫ኛ. የቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ትውልድ
• ☆፬ኛ. የአፄ ምኒልክ ፪ኛ/አቴቴ ጣይቱ ትውልድ

ድል አይደለም። ይህም እግዚአብሔር አምላክ በቪዲዮ የቀረጸው እና ዛሬ በገሃድ እየታየ ያለ ሃቅ ነው!

የአድዋን ድል ከእግዚአብሔር፣ ከቅዱስ ጊዮርጊስና ከአድዋ ሕዝብ ነጥቀህ፣ ለከሃዲዎቹ ጋላ-ኦሮሞዎቹ ስትሰጥና ታሪካዊ ጠላት ቱርክንና አረብን ጋብዘህ የአድዋን ሕዝብ ስታስጨፈጭፍ እግዚአብሔር አምላክ ምን የሚያስብ ይመስለናል?!

👉 Let's connect the dots...

• ☆ From Pope Pius IX. (1846–1878) to Pius XI. (1922–1939)
• ☆ From Pietro Antonelli (Rome, 29 April 1853 – 11 January 1901) to Andrea 'Kimi' Antonelli (25 August, 2006)

🛑 May 02, 1889

The genocidal Treaty of Wuchale, drafted by Pietro Antonelli was signed.

Son of Count Luigi and Camilla Folchi, grandson of Giacomo, cardinal and secretary of state to Pius IX, he was an Italian diplomat, explorer, politician and Italian ambassador to Ethiopia at the court of Menelik II of Ethiopia.

“Holy War: The Untold Story of Catholic Italy’s Crusade Against the Ethiopian Orthodox Church”

The Roman Catholic Church’s support for and encouragement of Mussolini’s campaign against the Ethiopian Orthodox Church during Italy’s invasion and occupation of Ethiopia from 1935 to 1943 was diabolic and Anti-Christian. Italian forces targeted the Orthodox Church; they ransacked and destroyed hundreds of churches and summarily executed several thousand Ethiopian clergy. Amicable relations had long existed between the Catholic Church in Rome and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, but the Roman episcopate embraced Mussolini’s regime and its aggressive foreign policy in the mid-1930s. In 1935, Pope Pius XI openly supported the invasion of Ethiopia as a crusade against a country of heretics, schismatics, pagans, and infidels. This papal support of the war, reinforced by church sermons across Italy, helped mobilize volunteers to join the Italian army to fight in Ethiopia.

🛑 May 2, 2026

A hat-trick of F1 Poles for Andrea 'Kimi' Antonelli in Miami (Where Roman Lionel Messi plays soccer/ football). Ayrton Senna, Michael Schumacher and Andrea Kimi Antonelli are the only drivers to take three consecutive poles after their first pole position. Antonelli was allowed to win the race in the next day. (Also the third consecutive win of 2026)

Roman Italian Stefano Domenicali is president and CEO of Formula 1.

Roman "sports"—most notably gladiatorial combats, venationes (beast hunts), and public executions—functioned as sophisticated, ritualized massacres designed to showcase Roman power, engineering, and control over life and death. These events were not mere entertainment but a "slaughterhouse" ritual that transformed, through performance, human and animal suffering into political and religious spectacle.

The Ritual Structure of Slaughter

• Funeral Origins: Originally, such games (munera) were funeral rites for important figures, sacrificing lives to honour the dead.

• The Midday "Massacre" Ritual: While main gladiator fights were professional and moderated, the lunch break was dedicated to raw violence. Criminals, prisoners of war, and Christians were executed, often unarmed.

• Mythological Reenactments: Prisoners were forced to act out mythological deaths, such as being mauled by animals or falling from high structures. For instance, a prisoner acting as Orpheus was mauled by a bear.

• Ritualized Animal Hunts: Thousands of exotic animals (lions, bears, elephants) were killed for spectacle, often showcasing the total dominance of Rome over nature.

Social and Psychological Function

• Showcasing Power: The games demonstrated that Rome controlled everything: armies, nature, and death.

• Coping Mechanism: The arena was a place where citizens could collectively cope with the unpredictable and uncontrollable nature of death in their everyday lives.

• Political Propaganda: Emperors used lavish games, such as the inaugrual games of the Colosseum, to win popularity and validate their rule by providing bread and circus games (panem et circenses)

The genocidal Treaty of Wuchale (2 May 1889) was and artificial and dramatically contested agreement between Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia and Count Pietro Antonelli of Italy, signed in Wuchale, Ethiopia. While intending to establish friendship and define borders, a critical translation discrepancy in Article 17 regarding Ethiopia's foreign relations led to the First Italo-Ethiopian War.

Key details regarding the treaty and Antonelli:

Signatories: Signed by the traitor Oromo Menelik II (then King of Shewa) and Count Pietro Antonelli, representing Italy.

Territorial Cession: Italy recognized Menelik as Emperor, while Ethiopia recognized Italian possession of parts of Eritrea and northern Tigray (including Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay).

The Article 17 Dispute:

• Italian Version (Thesis – Problem): Stated that the Emperor of Ethiopia must use the Italian government for all foreign affairs, effectively creating a protectorate.

• Amharic Version (Antithesis – Problem) : Stated that the Emperor of Ethiopia could (optional) use the Italian government for foreign affairs.

• Antonelli's Role: Antonelli drafted the treaty, and researchers often argue he was aware of the, or created the, discrepancies. He claimed in 1890 that it was the "first time that a king of Ethiopia cedes part of his territory by accord".

• Result: The intentionally crafted 'misunderstanding' to deceive Ethiopians led to the nullification (Reaction) of the treaty by Menelik's Ethiopia, and the begin of a genocidal war (Synthesis – Solution) against Axumite Ethiopians, culminating in the Italian defeat at the Battle of Adwa (1896).

The Treaty of Wuchale (1889), signed by Emperor Menelik II with Italy, was a hugely controversial and conspiratorial pact where Italy recognized its Oromo agent Menelik as emperor in exchange for territory (Eritrea) and a manipulated Article XVII declaring Ethiopia an Italian protectorate. Many critics often label Menelik a "traitor" for selling land and negotiating with Italy to secure power against rival Ethiopian leaders. The Treaty's "Treasonous" Accusations: Critics argue Menelik sold out the nation by signing away northern provinces (modern Eritrea) and forming a neutrality pact with Italians while Emperor Yohannes IV was fighting foreign invaders. The Deception (Article XVII): The treaty had two versions. The Italian version forced Ethiopia to use Italy for all foreign relations (a protectorate), while the Amharic version merely made it optional. The Fallout: Upon discovering the deception, Menelik denounced the treaty in 1893, leading to war and his victory at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.Context of the Era: Menelik needed to consolidate his power after killing Emperor Yohannes and used Italian support to secure the throne.

Menelik was a traitor who connived with the Mahdists, the Egyptians and the Italians and he has nothing to do with the victory of Adwa except brutality and shame.

Menelik was not only brutal to his subjects, but he was also a traitor who connived with the Mahdists, the Egyptians and the Italians to bring about the defeat of Emperor Yohannes in order to crown himself as the king of Ethiopia. For his troubles, he received large quantities of weapons from the enemies of the country which he later used during the battle of Adwa. In 1887 alone, Menelik received a huge cache of Remington rifles and a substantial amount of money when he secretly signed the ‘’Convention of Neutrality’’ with the Italian invaders, which was clearly an alliance against Emperor Yohannes. The Emperor was not discouraged by this despicable deed, and, instead, concentrated his efforts into defeating the Italians once and for all. Unfortunately, he had to abandon this and hurriedly made his way to Gondar to confront the invading Mahdists. His intention was to return later to decisively deal with the Italians once he was finished with the Muslim intruders.

The Emperor fought the Mahdists with tremendous courage for a considerable period and victory was within his sight. Unfortunately, the near triumph was turned into a defeat and the Emperor was killed, and his head was decapitated and given to the Dervish’s leader as a trophy. Teklehaimanot of Gojjam who was in Gondar well before the Emperor’s arrival was so scared he decided to run leaving the enemy behind to go on the rampage. Menelik was pussyfooting and never came to the aid of the Emperor. The death of Emperor Yohannes must have been a great relief to Menelik and the terrified Italians, who instantly came out of their trenches and made their way southwards. It is patently clear that Menelik and Teklehaimanot played a significant part in his death, and if he had not been sidetracked by the Mahdists and the fifth columnists Menelik and Teklehaimanot, the Italians would have been decimated by the Emperor’s commander, Ras Alula Aba Nega.

Only two months after the Emperor’s death, Menelik signed the Wuchale treaty of 2 May 1889 conceding Eritrea to the Italians, notwithstanding the valorous manner with which it was defended for nearly two decades by the Emperor’s Commander, Ras Alula. The Italians abrogated the treaty, and this led to the battle of Adwa. Thanks to the leadership of Ras Alula and the intelligence gathering skills of Basahi Awalome Haregote, Menelik was able to decisively defeat the Italians. The Italians were in disarray and it was possible to expel them from Ethiopian land all together. But Menelik chose not to, and signed the Treaty of Addis Ababa on the 23rd October 1896, sealing the fate of Eritrea. Ras Aluala asked Menelik for cavalry to drive the Italians to the ‘’sea’’ but this was declined. No doubt the Emperor’s commander would have finished off the Italians as he did in Dogali had he been given the chance to do so.

Thanks to Menelik, we are still tussling with the Eritrean issue 116 years later. During the Eritrean struggle for independence, 1961-1991, the casualties on the Eritrean side were 140,000 and on the Ethiopian side, 1.4 million. The recent Ethio-Eritrea border war resulted in the loss of 123,000 lives on both sides; thousands of people were dislocated from their homesteads, and millions of people have been forced to live as refugees in various parts of the world.

Emperor Yohannes fought the Egyptians, Mahdists and Italians for seventeen years and yet there isn’t a statue erected anywhere in Ethiopia as a recognition for maintaining the territorial integrity of the country under very adverse conditions. A Street is named after him around Ethiopia hotel in Addis Ababa and it is written as Yohannes instead of Emperor Yohannes. There is a statue of Menelik in Piazza and Emperor Theodore’s Sebastopol Mortar in Churchill Avenue round-about, why shouldn’t there be statues for Emperor Yohannes and Ras Alula in the capital? There was a statue of Alula in Eritrea but this was demolished by the myopic Shabiya as they did not want to be reminded of the inescapable fact that Eritrea has always been part and parcel of Ethiopia.

It was not only Eritrea that Menelik gave away, he also had a hand in letting Djibouti be part of the French protectorate when he agreed the border demarcation with the French in 1887. This was further affirmed in 1945 and 1954 by successive Amhara rulers effectively denying Ethiopia access to the sea. Menelik made Ethiopia landlocked and the country is currently spending billions of dollars for using the ports of neighbouring countries. The small contribution made by Menelik such as the construction of a railway line linking Addis Ababa with Djibouti and the few telephone lines erected here and there have been eclipsed by his treachery and the catastrophic role he played in making Ethiopia port-less just to quench his lust for power. A slim chance that arose in 1991 should have been seized upon to rectify the intractable problems left behind by traitor Menelik.